IoHT :: Molecular Evolution Table

Element Count	Molecular Formula	Name	Formation Date
N/A	"Bang Plasma"	16 Fundamental Particles	13.7 BYA
N/A	u₂d+e	Sub-atomic	N/A
1	H₂	Hydrogen	N/A
2	H₂O	Water	N/A
3	CH₄O	Methanol	4.6 BYA
4	CH₄ON₂	Urea	N/A
5	C₁₀H₁₂O₆N₅P	RNA	4.4 BYA
6	C₂₁H₃₆O₁₆N₇P₃S	Coenzyme A	N/A
7	C₄H₃O₂NS₂NaI	mol-7	N/A
8	C₂₀H₂₂O₇N₂SNaIPt	mol-8	N/A
9	N/A	N/A	N/A
10	C_E5H_E5O_E4N_E4P_E2S_E2Ca_E2K_E2Cl_E2Na_E2	Intermediate	4.2 BYA
11	N/A	N/A	N/A
12	C_E7H_E7O_E6N_E6P_E4S_E4Ca_E4K_E3Cl_E3Na_E3Mg_E2Fe_E2	Pro-bacteria	4.0 BYA
13	N/A	N/A	N/A
14	N/A	N/A	N/A
15	C_E10H_E10O_E10N_E9P_E8S_E8Ca_E8K_E6Cl_E6Na_E6Mg_E6Fe_E5Si_E4Mn_E2Co_E2	Prokaryote	3.85 BYA
16	N/A	N/A	N/A
17	N/A	N/A	N/A
18	C_E16H_E16O_E16N_E15P_E14S_E14Ca_E14K_E12Cl_E12Na_E12Mg_E12Fe_E11F_E11 Si_E10Cu_E9Mn_E8Se_E8Co_E7	Pre Aquatic Worm	2.6 BYA
19	N/A	N/A	N/A
20	N/A	N/A	N/A
21	N/A	N/A	N/A
22	C_E22H_E22O_E22N_E21P_E20S_E19Ca_E20K_E18Cl_E18Na_E18Mg_E18Fe_E17F_E17 Zn_E16Si_E16Cu_E15I_E14Mn_E14Se_E14Mo_E13Co_E13V_E12	Fish	0.7 BYA
23	N/A	Reptile	350 MYA
24	C_E26H_E26O_E26N_E25P_E24S_E23Ca_E24K_E22Cl_E22Na_E22Mg_E22Fe_E21F_E21 Zn_E20Si_E20Cu_E19B_E19I_E18Mn_E18Se_E18Cr_E18Mo_E17Co_E17V_E16	Old World Monkey	30 MYA
25	N/A	A. Afarensis	5 MYA
26	C_E27H_E27O_E27N_E26P_E25S_E24Ca_E25K_E24Cl_E24Na_E24Mg_E24Fe_E23F_E23 Zn_E22Si_E22Cu_E21B_E21I_E20Sn_E20Mn_E20Se_E20Cr_E20Ni_E20Mo_E19Co_E19V_E18	Human	0.2 MYA
27	N/A	N/A	N/A
28	N/A	Evolution	N/A

[13.7 BYA, Bang Plasma] Rees, M. (2005). Universe - the Definitive Visual Guide (glossary). New York: DK Publishing, Inc.

[4.6 BYA, Methanol (3-element molecule)] Starr, C. & Taggart, R. (1992). Biology - the Unity and Diversity of Life, 6th. Ed. (textbook). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

[4.4 BYA, RNA (5-element molecule)] Calculated via linear graphical extrapolation between known points: [(4.6 BYA, 3 element molecule), (3.85 BYA, 15 element molecule)].

[4.2 BYA, Intermediate (9-element molecule)] Calculated via linear graphical extrapolation between known points: [(4.6 BYA, 3 element molecule), (3.85 BYA, 15 element molecule)].

[4.0 BYA, Pro-bacteria (12-element molecule)] Calculated via linear graphical extrapolation between known points: [(4.6 BYA, 3 element molecule), (3.85 BYA, 15 element molecule)].

[3.85 BYA, Prokaryote (15-element molecule)] Margulis, L. & Sagan, D. (1997). What is Sex. New York: Simon & Schuster Editions

[1.2 BYA, Pre Aquatic Worm (18-element molecule)] Calculated via linear graphical extrapolation between known points: [(3.85 BYA, 15 element molecule), (0.7 BYA, 22 element molecule)].

[0.7 BYA, Fish (22-element molecule)] Lewis, R. (1992). Life - Beginnings of Life, Animal Life, Plant Life, Evolution of Life, Behavior and Ecology of Life. (textbook). Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.

[350 MYA, Reptile (23-element molecule)] Purves, W., Orians, G., & Heller, C. (1995). Life - the Science of Biology, 4th. Ed. (textbook). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc.

[30 MYA, Old World Monkey (24-element molecule)] Calvin, W. (2002). A Brain For All Seasons - Human Evolution & Abrupt Climate Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

[0.2 MYA, Human (26-element molecule)] Haywook, J. (2001). Atlas of World History (textbook). New York: Barnes & Noble Books.

6-element molecular formulas [or less] Lehniger, A. Nelson, D. & Cox, M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry - with an Extended Discussion of Oxygen-Binding Proteins, 2nd Ed. (textbook). New York: Worth Publishers

7-element molecular formulas [or more] determined via standard (mass composition based) molecular formula calculation procedures as detailed by example in: Chang, R. (1998). Chemistry, 6th Ed. (textbook). New York McGraw Hill. Mass composition data-sets were compiled via meta-analysis of the following sources. Note, only those elements found to have actual biological "active" function in the correlative molecular structured organism were used; in the human organism, based on our meta-analysis, only 26 elements have active bodily function:

Composition Tables

[1] Emsley, J. (2001). Nature's Building Blocks - An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press: [25 Element Human Mass Composition Table]. Note: this table underestimates (by one element).

[2] Ed Uthman's, MD, [59 Element Human Mass Composition Table]. Note: this table overestimates (by thirty-three elements) via using trace non-biologically active elements in its count.

[3] Sea Friends Organization [www.seafriends.org] (1996). Element Composition Tables:

Essential elements in Living Organisms: [URL].

Relative abundance of the first 30 elements, critical to life: [URL].

Relative abundance of 30 elements in soil, sea and living matter: [URL].

[4] Argonne National Laboratory - Chemical Compostion of Humans: [URL]

[5] [Biology-Online.org] - Chemical Composition of the Body: [URL].

[6] [www.madsci.org] (1999). What is the mineral/chemical composition of the Human Body in percent? [URL]

[7] Wayne State University (2001), Engineering Physiology - Chemical Composition of the Body: [URL].

[8] Freitas, R. (1999). Nanomedicine, Ch. 3.1: "Human Body Chemical Composition" [Abstract]:

Quote: "The human body consists of 7E27 atoms arranged in a highly aperiodic physical structure. Although 41 chemical elements are commonly found in the body's construction, C, H, O, and N comprises 99% of its atoms. Fully 87% of human body atoms are either hydrogen or oxygen."

[9] University of Miami:

Element Composition in the Human Body [URL].

10 Propterties of Life [URL].

[10] General Chemistry Online - Elemental Composition Table of Living Cells [URL]

[11] Table: Elements of the Living Body [URL]. Quote: "Only 25 or so are Used to Build Living Things"

[12] NSDL: Elements in the Human Body FAQ [URL]. Quote: "There are 24 Elements in Your Body"

[13] Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University [URL].

Quote: "About 26 Elements are Found in Living Organisms"

[14] The U.S. Bureau of Chemistry and Soils Chemical and Mineral Composition of the Human Body [URL]:

65% Oxygen

18% Carbon

10% Hydrogen

3% Nitrogen

1.5% Calcium

1% Phosphorous

0.35% Potassium

0.25% Sulfur

0.15% Sodium

0.15% Chlorine

0.05% Magnesium

0.0004% Iron

0.00004% Iodine

[15] Heymsfield, S. & and Wang, Z. (1997). Human Body Composition: Advances in Models and Methods. Annual Review of Nutrition, Vol. 17: 527-558 [Article].

[16] UIUC Physics Van: Human Skin & Human Body Composition: [URL]

Nutrition / Dietary / Excrement - Almanacs

[1] Kirschmann, G. & Kirschmann, J. (1996). Nutrition Almanac, 4th. Ed. New York: McGrall Hill.

[2] Krause, M. (1996). Krause's Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy, 9th. Ed. (textbook). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.

[3] Murray, M. (1996). Encyclopedia of Nutritional Supplements. Roseville, CA: Prima Publishing.

[4] Busch, R. (2000). The New Nutrition - From Antioxidants to Zucchini. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

[5] Hall, R.H. (2000). The Unofficial Guide to Smart Nutrition. New York: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.

[6] Carper, J. (1993). Food Your Miracle Medicine - How Food Can Prevent and Cure over 100 Symptoms and Problems - Based on 10,000 Scientific Studies. New York: Harper Perennial.

[7] Mendell, E. (1994). Food as Medicine - What you can do to Prevent Everything from Colds to Heart Disease to Cancer. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Bacteria Composition Sources

[1] Margulis, L. & Sagan, D. (1997). What is Sex. New York: Simon & Schuster.

[2] Margulis, L. & Sagan, D. (1995). What is Life. Los Angeles: University of Californial Press.

[3] J A Webster, D D Fay, J L Costa, P M Jones, and R Hugh (1984). "Elemental composition of bacterial metachromatic inclusions determined by electron microprobe X-ray analysis.".J Bacteriol., May; 158(2): 441–446. [URL].

[4] Vrede, K., Heldal, M., Norland, S., & Bratbak, G. (2002). "Elemental Composition (C, N, P) and Cell Volume of Exponentially Growing and Nutrient-Limited Bacterioplankton". Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 June; 68(6): 2965–2971. [URL]

We use the term "bang plasma" as a catch phrase to describe the constituency of the early universe, in which the 4 fundamental forces and 12 fundamental particles are hypothesized to have been in a coalesced state. According to Martin Rees, cosmologist and general editor for the multiple-collaboratively written 2005 visual glossary Universe: "we know there was a bang, yet we do not know what banged, nor why it banged." Here, for simplicity, we will term this unknown state "Bang Plasma".

Regarding which exact inorganic molecules, as Fe, Zn, H, S, H2, NH3, CH4, H2O, CO, CO2, HCN, etc., reacted to form macromolecules, those with a molecular weight in the range of a few thousand (6-element molecules) to many millions (9-element molecules), it is understood that all biological macromolecules are made from the same three dozen subunits (Lehniger, 1993); and from here living biomolecules are made. Generally, it is known that about 98% of all living things, from a single-celled bacterium to a thousand pound hippopotamus, are composed of only six elements: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and Sulfer (S) (Lewis, 1992).

See

Thermodynamic Evolution

To clarify, this molecular evolution table is not to imply that it takes only a couple of dozen steps, i.e. reactions, to form a human molecule; rather, there are over 2.5 million known molecules (www.dmoz.org), a count which grows daily; this only underestimates the number of likely molecules involved in the evolution and subsequent formation of the human molecule.

Lehniger, A. Nelson, D. & Cox, M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry - with an Extended Discussion of Oxygen-Binding Proteins, 2nd Ed. (textbook). New York: Worth Publishers.

Lewis, R. (1992). Life - Beginnings of Life, Animal Life, Plant Life, Evolution of Life, Behavior and Ecology of Life. (textbook). Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.

d.m.o.z - open directory project (2005). Chemical Databases [URL]

Regarding the molecular formulas shown, human mass composition tables are in great supply; as such, empirical molecular formula calculations in the human case are relatively straight forward. For those structures as bacteria to monkeys, mass composition tables are difficult to acquire. Owing to this deficiency, approximations and extrapolation techniques based on neighboring genetic relatedness were used. Some general knowns regarding related elemental composition are noted below:

Boron (B): fruits, nuts, and grains.

Copper (Cu): nuts, eggs, almonds, shellfish.

Chromium (Cr): eggs, yeast, whole wheat breads, mushrooms.

Cobalt (Co): meats, ocean vegetations, figs.

Selenium (Se): yeast, organ and muscle meats, fish, shellfish, grains, cereals, Brazil nuts, broccoli, cabbage, garlic, onions.

Manganese (Mn): nuts, seeds, eggs, green vegetables.

Silicon (Si): green leafy vegetables, plant fiber, essential trace mineral to animals.

Zinc (Zn): second in concentration to that of Fe, involved in Krebs cycle.

Fluorine (F): fish, meat, skeleton, teeth, present in all living things.

Iodine (I): needed in first three months of human pregnancy.

Vanadium (V): marine worms absorb vanadium.

Iron (Fe): E. coli bacteria has, chemoautotroph has.

Sulfur (S): prevalent in green sulfur bacteria.

Magnesium (Mg): chlorophyll a has, cyano-bacteria has.

Sodium-Chloride (NaCl): halo-bacteria has.

Calcium (Ca): calcium oxalate (CaC2O4) is made by bacteria.

Silicon (Si): bacteria precipitates it.

Colbalt (Co): part of vitamin B12, bacteria in the colon produce it.

Molybdenum (Mo): found in algae, which fish eat.

Monkeys eat: nuts, eggs, leaves, small animals.

Tuna contains: Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Na

Fish (general) contain: Cu, Mn, Zn

#	Name	Symbol	% By Mass	Function in the Human Body
1	Oxygen	O	61	Roughly 60% of the body is H₂O, which is essential for almost all chemical reactions within the body.
2	Carbon	C	23	Is a major elemental component of carbohydrates & fats.
3	Hydrogen	H	10	Is a major elemental component of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
4	Nitrogen	N	2.6	Is a major elemental component of proteins.
5	Calcium	Ca	1.4	Used in the development and maintenance of bone structure and development. Functions in the clotting process, nerve transmission, muscle stimulation, parathyroid hormone function, and metabolism of vitamin D, etc.
6	Phosphorus	P	1.1	Plays a part in almost every chemical reaction within the body because it is present in every cell. Forms calcium phosphate with calcium in the bones & teeth in a 2-1 ratio. Is important in the utilization of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for growth, maintenance, and repair, etc.
7	Potassium	K	0.3	Functions mainly in the intercellular fluid as the primary ion force. Potassium together with sodium helps regulate the water balance within the body. Potassium regulates the transfer of nutrients to the cell, transmits electrochemical impulses, and is necessary for normal growth enzymatic reactions, etc.
8	Sulfur	S	0.2	Keeps hair glossy and smooth and keeps the complexion clear and youthful. Sulfur is an important elemental constituent of thiamin, biotin, methionine, cystine, and cysteine. It disinfects the blood, resists bacteria, and stimulates bile production in the liver, etc.
9	Chlorine	Cl	0.18	Helps regulate acid alkali balance, stimulates production of hydrochloric acid, stimulates the liver to function as a filter for wastes, aids in keeping joints and tendons in youthful shape, and helps distribute hormones, etc.
10	Sodium	Na	0.17	Is found in every cell in the body. Sodium functions with potassium to equalize the acid-alkali factor in the blood. Along with potassium, it helps regulate water balance within the body. Sodium keeps blood minerals soluble, so they will not build up as deposits in the bloodstream, etc.
11	Magnesium	Mg	0.029	70% of the bodies magnesium supply is located in the bones together with calcium and phosphorus, while 30% is found in cellular fluids and some soft tissue. Is involved with energy production of glucose, protein and nucleic acid synthesis, the formation of urea, vascular tone, muscle impulse transmission, electrical stability of the cells, and neurotransmission, etc.
12	Iron	Fe	0.012	The major function of iron is to combine with protein and copper in making hemoglobin. Iron builds up the quality of the blood and increases resistance to stress, the immune system, energy production, growth in children, and resistance to disease.
13	Fluorine	F	0.004	Research indicates that fluorine increases the deposition of calcium, thereby strengthening the bones. Helps reduce the formation of acid in the mouth caused by carbohydrates, thereby reducing the likelihood of tooth decay.
14	Zinc	Zn	0.003	Helps fight disease, protect the immune system, involved in the Krebs cycle, has been found to increase the male sex drive, is a constituent of more that 2000 enzymes involved in digestion and metabolism, etc.
15	Silicon	Si	0.001	Is needed for the connective tissues of the body such as the tendons, cartilage, blood vessels, nails, skin, and hair, and is essential for their integrity. Silicon works with calcium to make strong bones, proper levels are essential during growth periods, and it is helpful in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, etc.
16	Copper	Cu	0.0003	Involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin, collagen, and the neurotransmitter noradrenalin. Is an important blood antioxidant, prevents the rancidity of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and helps cell membranes remain healthy.
17	Iodine	I	0.00003	Adds in the development and functioning of the thyroid gland, and is an integral part of thyroxine. Iodine plays an important role in regulating cellular oxidation, promotes growth and development, and stimulates the basal metabolic rate—helping the body burn excess fat.
18	Tin	Sn	0.00003	Deficiency results in poor growth and diminished hemoglobin synthesis.
19	Boron	B	0.00003	A trace mineral essential for health bones.
20	Selenium	Se	0.00002	Is a natural antioxidant that protects against free radicals and appears to preserve elasticity of tissue that become less elastic with aging. Is necessary for the production of prostaglandins, and pancreatic function depends upon selenium, etc.
21	Chromium	Cr	0.00002	Stimulates the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucose for energy and the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. It appears to increase the effectiveness of insulin and its ability to handle glucose, preventing hypoglycemia or diabetes. The mineral may also be involved in the synthesis of protein through its binding action with RNA molecules.
22	Manganese	Mn	0.00002	Functions as an important antioxidant in the prevention of toxic oxygen forms. It plays a role in activating numerous enzymes that are necessary for utilization of choline, biotin, thiamine, and ascorbic acid. Is a catalyst in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and mucopolysaccharides, etc.
23	Nickel	Ni	0.00002	May be a factor in hormone, lipid, and membrane metabolism and cell integrity. Significant amounts are found in DNA and RNA. May be involved in glucose metabolism, etc.
24	Molybdenum	Mo	0.000007	Is an essential part of two enzymes: xanthine oxidase—which aids in the mobilization of iron from the liver reserves and helps change iron from ferrous to ferric, and aldehyde oxidase—which is necessary for the oxidation of fats. It is also a factor in copper metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and the final stages of urine production, ect.
25	Cobalt	Co	0.000004	Necessary for the normal functioning and maintenance of red blood cells as well as all other body cells; and is a constituent of vitamin B12.
26	Vanadium	V	0.0000002	Has been shown to reverse diabetes. Inhibits cholesterol synthesis. Bones, cartilage, and teeth require it for proper development. It has been shown to have a function in cellular metabolism, iron metabolism, and red blood cell growth, etc.